System Design

⏱ 10 min read Live streaming is fundamentally harder than video-on-demand: there is no pre-encoded content to cache, latency between broadcaster and viewer must […] Read article

⏱ 8 min read Order Book Structure The order book is the central data structure of any trading system. It maintains two sides: the Read article

⏱ 12 min read Vertex-Centric Computation The Pregel model, introduced by Google in 2010, reimagines distributed graph computation around the vertex as the unit Read article

⏱ 12 min read Chunked Upload Protocol Uploading large files over HTTP without chunking is fragile. A 4GB video file uploaded in a single Read article

⏱ 11 min read DNS Hierarchy: Root, TLD, and Authoritative Nameservers The Domain Name System is a globally distributed hierarchical database organized as an Read article

⏱ 11 min read Distributed locks appear deceptively simple — acquire a lock, do some work, release it — but implementing them correctly in Read article

⏱ 6 min read Introduction Zero trust replaces implicit perimeter-based trust with continuous verification. The core principle is: never trust, always verify. Every request Read article

⏱ 7 min read Introduction Consistent hashing assigns keys to nodes such that adding or removing a node remaps only K/N keys on average, Read article

⏱ 6 min read Introduction Serving large language models (GPT-4, Llama) requires specialized infrastructure for low latency, high throughput, and GPU memory management. The Read article

⏱ 6 min read Introduction RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation) grounds LLM responses in retrieved external knowledge. By injecting relevant retrieved context into the prompt, RAG Read article

⏱ 5 min read Introduction Kubernetes orchestrates containerized workloads across a cluster, managing scheduling, scaling, self-healing, and networking. The control plane manages desired state Read article

⏱ 5 min read Introduction Blockchain is an append-only distributed ledger where each block cryptographically links to the previous one. Immutability is guaranteed by Read article

⏱ 5 min read Introduction Infrastructure as Code (IaC) manages infrastructure via version-controlled declarative configuration, enabling reproducible, auditable, and automated infrastructure provisioning. Changes go Read article

⏱ 8 min read Introduction Geospatial indexing enables efficient proximity queries — find all restaurants within 2km — over large datasets of lat/lng coordinates. Read article

⏱ 9 min read Introduction Time-series databases (TSDB) are optimized for append-heavy workloads of (metric, timestamp, value) triples. Metrics monitoring, IoT telemetry, and financial Read article