System Design

⏱ 7 min read Introduction Consensus algorithms allow a cluster of nodes to agree on a sequence of values despite node failures. They are […] Read article

⏱ 8 min read Introduction Authentication services verify who the user is; authorization services control what they can do. A centralized auth service handles Read article

⏱ 8 min read Introduction Real-time analytics surfaces business metrics such as DAU, revenue, and conversion rates with sub-second query latency on continuously updating Read article

⏱ 9 min read Introduction Metrics collection is the foundation of system observability. The four core metric types cover most monitoring needs: a counter Read article

⏱ 8 min read Introduction Polling systems must ensure one vote per eligible voter, prevent fraud, aggregate results in real time, and optionally preserve Read article

⏱ 6 min read A trading engine matches buy and sell orders for financial instruments. Correctness and latency are paramount — microsecond-level matching with Read article

⏱ 7 min read IoT platforms ingest telemetry from millions of devices with high write throughput, store time-series data efficiently, and enable real-time alerting Read article

⏱ 7 min read Multiplayer game servers synchronize game state across all players in a session with minimal latency. The design must handle packet Read article

⏱ 8 min read Introduction Logistics tracking systems process millions of scan events daily, maintain accurate package state, and surface real-time location to customers. Read article

⏱ 9 min read Introduction Electronic Health Record systems store and exchange patient health data across providers, payers, and patients. Design must prioritize data Read article

⏱ 8 min read ATM networks process card transactions across millions of terminals through authorization switches. The design must be highly available, idempotent, and Read article

⏱ 8 min read Airport management systems orchestrate hundreds of daily flight operations including gate assignment, ground handling, baggage routing, and passenger information display. Read article

⏱ 10 min read Introduction Collaborative editors in the style of Google Docs allow multiple users to edit the same document simultaneously with real-time Read article

⏱ 9 min read Introduction KYC (Know Your Customer) requires verifying user identity using government-issued documents. It is a regulatory requirement for fintech companies, Read article

⏱ 8 min read Introduction Live streaming requires low-latency ingest, real-time transcoding to multiple bitrates, and global CDN distribution to millions of concurrent viewers. Read article