9 min read Search autocomplete is a latency-critical, high-read-volume system that combines data structures, probabilistic algorithms, and multi-layer caching to return relevant suggestions […] Read article
9 min read PKI Hierarchy A certificate authority system is built on a chain of trust. The root CA is the ultimate trust […] Read article
9 min read Ride-sharing services like Uber and Lyft are canonical low level design problems because they combine real-time geospatial data, distributed state […] Read article
8 min read Carpooling systems share many building blocks with on-demand ride-sharing but add significant complexity: multiple passengers must be matched to a […] Read article
9 min read Dockless bike and scooter sharing systems combine IoT device management, real-time fleet tracking, geofencing enforcement, and per-minute billing. The design […] Read article
8 min read Low level design of an e-commerce platform requires thinking through a wide surface area: how products are modeled and indexed, […] Read article
9 min read Video streaming at scale involves multiple specialized subsystems working in tight coordination: upload pipelines, real-time transcoding, adaptive bitrate delivery, content […] Read article
10 min read Live streaming is fundamentally harder than video-on-demand: there is no pre-encoded content to cache, latency between broadcaster and viewer must […] Read article
12 min read Chunked Upload Protocol Uploading large files over HTTP without chunking is fragile. A 4GB video file uploaded in a single […] Read article
7 min read Introduction Consistent hashing assigns keys to nodes such that adding or removing a node remaps only K/N keys on average, […] Read article