System Design

⏱ 13 min read Stack vs Heap Allocation Every running program uses two distinct memory regions for dynamic data: the stack and the heap. […] Read article

⏱ 8 min read Core Data Structure An LRU cache combines two data structures to achieve O(1) time for every operation. The doubly linked Read article

⏱ 8 min read Core Problem LFU (Least Frequently Used) is a cache eviction policy that removes the item with the lowest access frequency Read article

⏱ 6 min read Structure A skip list is a probabilistic data structure that maintains a sorted collection and supports O(log N) expected time Read article

⏱ 10 min read Provider Schedule Model A provider’s schedule is defined at two levels: recurring availability rules and date-specific overrides. Recurring rules describe Read article

⏱ 11 min read Home Hub Architecture The home hub is the central controller for all smart home devices in a physical residence. Deployed Read article

⏱ 9 min read Config Data Model A configuration management system stores each configuration entry as a structured record with the following fields: key Read article

⏱ 9 min read Cart Storage Options There are three main approaches to storing a shopping cart. Client-side storage keeps the cart in the Read article

⏱ 9 min read Real-Time Scoring Pipeline Every transaction enters the fraud scoring pipeline synchronously before a payment decision is returned. The flow: transaction Read article

⏱ 9 min read Double-Entry Accounting A digital wallet is a ledger, and the correct foundation for any ledger is double-entry accounting. Every financial Read article

⏱ 10 min read Driver State Machine Every driver in the system exists in one of four states: offline, available, on_trip, or returning. The Read article

⏱ 8 min read Training Job Orchestration A training job submission API accepts the full specification of a run: the training script path, the Read article

⏱ 9 min read State Machine The circuit breaker is a three-state machine wrapped around each outbound call to a downstream dependency. In the Read article

⏱ 9 min read Ticket booking systems handle some of the most demanding concurrency scenarios in software engineering. When a popular concert goes on Read article

⏱ 9 min read Calendar and scheduling systems look deceptively simple on the surface but contain significant engineering depth. Recurring events, timezone transitions, multi-user Read article