11 min read What Is Webhook Fan-Out? Webhook fan-out is the process of delivering a single event to multiple registered external endpoints (webhooks). […] Read article
10 min read What Is an Inverted Index? An inverted index maps each term (word or token) to the list of documents that Read article
11 min read Why B-Trees Cannot Index 2D Space A B-tree sorts data along a single dimension. Given a point (lat, lng), there Read article
10 min read What Is a Bitmap Index? A bitmap index represents the presence or absence of a column value for each row Read article
10 min read What Is a Write-Ahead Log and Why Does It Exist? A write-ahead log (WAL) is the foundation of durability in Read article
9 min read LSM Tree Structure and the Need for Compaction A Log-Structured Merge-tree (LSM-tree) accepts all writes into an in-memory buffer (MemTable). Read article
12 min read B-Tree Structure and Page Layout A B-tree index is a balanced tree where every node is a fixed-size disk page Read article
9 min read Raft is the consensus algorithm designed to be understandable. It powers etcd (Kubernetes backbone), CockroachDB, TiKV, and many other systems Read article
9 min read Snapshot isolation (SI) is the transaction isolation level used by PostgreSQL (as its default), Oracle, SQL Server, and many distributed Read article
9 min read MVCC (Multi-Version Concurrency Control) is the foundation of concurrent transaction processing in PostgreSQL, MySQL InnoDB, Oracle, and most modern distributed Read article
8 min read A bloom filter is a space-efficient probabilistic data structure that answers membership queries with certainty about absence and high confidence Read article
7 min read Counting the number of distinct elements in a large stream — cardinality estimation — seems to require storing every unique Read article
9 min read The gossip protocol is the distributed systems equivalent of rumor spreading: each node periodically shares information with a small random Read article
7 min read A service registry is the backbone of dynamic service discovery in microservice architectures. Rather than hardcoding service endpoints, every instance Read article
8 min read A TLS certificate manager automates the full lifecycle of digital certificates: issuance via ACME protocol, storage with encrypted private keys, Read article
