⏱ 4 min read Choosing between gRPC and REST is a fundamental API design decision with significant implications for performance, developer experience, and interoperability. […] Read article

⏱ 3 min read Idempotency means that performing an operation multiple times produces the same result as performing it once. In distributed systems, network Read article

⏱ 5 min read Multi-tenancy is an architecture where a single software instance serves multiple customers (tenants) with logical isolation between them. It is Read article

⏱ 5 min read A service mesh is an infrastructure layer that handles service-to-service communication in a microservices architecture, providing observability, traffic management, and Read article

⏱ 3 min read A Bloom filter is a space-efficient probabilistic data structure that tests whether an element is a member of a set. Read article

⏱ 4 min read A publish-subscribe (pub/sub) messaging system decouples producers (publishers) from consumers (subscribers) through a message broker. Publishers emit events to topics Read article

⏱ 9 min read Cache invalidation — ensuring cached data reflects the current state of the source of truth — is famously difficult. Phil Read article

⏱ 4 min read Microservices architecture decomposes a monolith into independently deployable services, each owning a bounded domain. This enables independent scaling, technology heterogeneity, Read article

⏱ 4 min read A video calling system enables real-time audio and video communication between users in a browser or mobile app. WebRTC (Web Read article

⏱ 4 min read A transactional email delivery system sends emails triggered by application events — welcome emails on registration, password reset links, order Read article

⏱ 6 min read A Content Delivery Network (CDN) caches content at edge servers distributed globally — close to users — to reduce latency Read article

⏱ 8 min read Two-factor authentication (2FA) requires users to present two forms of evidence: something they know (password) and something they have (phone, Read article

⏱ 7 min read OAuth2 is an authorization framework that lets users grant third-party applications limited access to their data without sharing passwords. OpenID Read article

⏱ 7 min read An API gateway is the single entry point for all client requests in a microservices architecture. It sits in front Read article

⏱ 7 min read A typeahead (autocomplete) service returns ranked completions for a query prefix in under 100ms. Google Search completes queries as you Read article