Low Level Design: TCP vs UDP — Network Protocol Internals
TCP and UDP are the two dominant transport-layer protocols underpinning all internet communication. TCP provides reliable, ordered, connection-oriented delivery with […]
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Low Level Design: Distributed Lock Manager Design
A distributed lock manager (DLM) coordinates exclusive access to shared resources across multiple processes or services running on different machines.
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Low Level Design: Columnar Database Design
A columnar database stores table data organized by column rather than by row, making it dramatically more efficient for analytical
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Low Level Design: Forward Proxy, Reverse Proxy, and Load Balancer
Forward proxies, reverse proxies, and load balancers are often confused because they all sit between clients and servers in a
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Low Level Design: DNS Resolution System Design
DNS (Domain Name System) is the distributed hierarchical database that translates human-readable domain names (techinterview.org) into IP addresses (67.207.83.166). Every
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Low Level Design: LSM-Tree Internals — Log-Structured Merge Trees
The Log-Structured Merge-tree (LSM-tree) is a data structure optimized for write-heavy workloads. Unlike B-trees that update pages in place (causing
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Low Level Design: JVM Garbage Collection — Algorithms and Tuning
Garbage collection (GC) automatically reclaims memory occupied by objects no longer reachable from the application. The JVM provides multiple GC
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Low Level Design: Materialized Views and Streaming SQL
A materialized view is a pre-computed query result stored as a physical table, refreshed periodically or incrementally as source data
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Low Level Design: Kubernetes Scheduler Design
The Kubernetes scheduler is responsible for assigning Pods to Nodes, considering resource requirements, affinity rules, taints/tolerations, and cluster capacity. Understanding
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Low Level Design: Event Sourcing — Design and Patterns
Event sourcing stores the state of an application as a sequence of immutable events rather than the current state snapshot.
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Low Level Design: Hot/Cold Storage Tiering
Storage tiering assigns data to different storage media based on access frequency: hot data (accessed frequently) lives on fast, expensive
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Low Level Design: Lambda and Kappa Architecture for Big Data
Lambda and Kappa architectures are data processing patterns for building systems that must handle both real-time (streaming) and historical (batch)
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Low Level Design: gRPC vs REST — When to Use Each
Choosing between gRPC and REST is a fundamental API design decision with significant implications for performance, developer experience, and interoperability.
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Low Level Design: MVCC — Multiversion Concurrency Control
Multiversion Concurrency Control (MVCC) is a database concurrency mechanism that allows readers and writers to operate simultaneously without blocking each
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Low Level Design: Zero-Downtime Deployment Strategies
Zero-downtime deployments allow updating a running service without any period of unavailability to users. As services move to continuous delivery