A data pipeline moves data from source systems (production databases, event streams, APIs) through transformation stages to analytical destinations (data […]

A file system organizes data on storage media into files and directories, providing naming, access control, and efficient storage allocation.

A search engine indexes documents and answers queries of the form “find documents containing these terms” in milliseconds, even across

MapReduce is a programming model for processing large datasets in parallel across a cluster of commodity machines. Introduced by Google

A distributed cache stores frequently accessed data in memory across a cluster of nodes, reducing latency and database load. Redis

Consensus algorithms allow a cluster of nodes to agree on a single value even when some nodes fail or messages

OAuth 2.0 is an authorization framework that allows applications to obtain limited access to user accounts on third-party services without

Sharding (horizontal partitioning) splits a large dataset across multiple database nodes to scale beyond what a single machine can handle.

An operating system scheduler decides which process or thread runs on each CPU core at any given moment. The scheduler

A memory allocator manages heap memory — fulfilling malloc/new requests and returning freed memory for reuse. The C standard library

Database replication copies data from a primary database to one or more replica databases to achieve high availability, read scalability,