System Design

⏱ 3 min read DNS (Domain Name System) is the distributed hierarchical database that translates human-readable domain names (techinterview.org) into IP addresses (67.207.83.166). Every […] Read article

⏱ 5 min read Event sourcing stores the state of an application as a sequence of immutable events rather than the current state snapshot. Read article

⏱ 3 min read The Kubernetes scheduler is responsible for assigning Pods to Nodes, considering resource requirements, affinity rules, taints/tolerations, and cluster capacity. Understanding Read article

⏱ 3 min read A materialized view is a pre-computed query result stored as a physical table, refreshed periodically or incrementally as source data Read article

⏱ 5 min read Storage tiering assigns data to different storage media based on access frequency: hot data (accessed frequently) lives on fast, expensive Read article

⏱ 4 min read Choosing between gRPC and REST is a fundamental API design decision with significant implications for performance, developer experience, and interoperability. Read article

⏱ 3 min read Lambda and Kappa architectures are data processing patterns for building systems that must handle both real-time (streaming) and historical (batch) Read article

⏱ 3 min read Multiversion Concurrency Control (MVCC) is a database concurrency mechanism that allows readers and writers to operate simultaneously without blocking each Read article

⏱ 5 min read Zero-downtime deployments allow updating a running service without any period of unavailability to users. As services move to continuous delivery Read article

⏱ 5 min read Multi-tenancy is an architecture where a single software instance serves multiple customers (tenants) with logical isolation between them. It is Read article

⏱ 3 min read Idempotency means that performing an operation multiple times produces the same result as performing it once. In distributed systems, network Read article

⏱ 5 min read A service mesh is an infrastructure layer that handles service-to-service communication in a microservices architecture, providing observability, traffic management, and Read article

⏱ 3 min read Distributed tracing tracks a single request as it propagates through multiple services in a microservices architecture. Without tracing, debugging latency Read article

⏱ 3 min read A vector database stores high-dimensional vector embeddings and enables fast approximate nearest neighbor (ANN) search — finding the K vectors Read article

⏱ 5 min read Consistent hashing solves the data redistribution problem in distributed systems. With naive modulo hashing (key % N), adding or removing Read article