System Design

⏱ 12 min read Why Rate Limiting? Rate limiting protects services from overload, abuse, and cost explosions. Without it: a single misbehaving client can […] Read article

⏱ 10 min read Why Secret Management Matters Secrets (database passwords, API keys, TLS certificates, SSH keys) are the crown jewels of any system. Read article

⏱ 10 min read Why Log Aggregation? With hundreds of microservices each running multiple replicas, logs are scattered across thousands of containers. Without centralized Read article

⏱ 10 min read Why Multi-Region Active-Active? A single-region active-passive setup (one primary region serves traffic, one standby region for failover) has two problems: Read article

⏱ 10 min read Beyond Basic CDN: Edge Computing A CDN (Content Delivery Network) has historically served static assets — images, CSS, JS — Read article

⏱ 9 min read Why Autoscaling? Manual capacity planning is expensive and error-prone. Too much capacity wastes money; too little causes outages under traffic Read article

⏱ 10 min read The Distributed Transaction Problem A transaction that spans multiple databases or services must either fully commit on all participants or Read article

⏱ 10 min read What Is a Data Warehouse? A data warehouse (DW) is an analytical database optimized for reading large volumes of historical Read article

⏱ 9 min read What Is a Service Mesh? A service mesh is a dedicated infrastructure layer for managing service-to-service communication in a microservices Read article

⏱ 9 min read Why Consensus Matters Distributed systems need to agree on values — which server is the primary, what the current config Read article

⏱ 10 min read Why Zero-Downtime Deployments Planned downtime windows are increasingly unacceptable — global users span every time zone, and even brief outages Read article

⏱ 9 min read What Is Serverless? Serverless (Function-as-a-Service / FaaS) lets you deploy individual functions without managing servers. AWS Lambda, Google Cloud Functions, Read article

⏱ 9 min read Why GraphQL for Large APIs GraphQL solves two fundamental REST API problems: over-fetching (the response includes fields the client doesn’t Read article

⏱ 10 min read Why ML Training Infrastructure Is a System Design Interview Topic Companies building AI products at scale — OpenAI, Google, Meta, Read article

⏱ 10 min read What Is Event Sourcing? Traditional systems store the current state of data (the latest balance in a bank account, the Read article