Low Level Design: Billing System
5 min read What Is a Billing System? A billing system manages the full revenue lifecycle: creating subscription plans, tracking usage, generating invoices, […] Read article
System Design
System Design
Low Level Design: Content-Based Filtering Service
5 min read What Is Content-Based Filtering? Content-based filtering recommends items similar to those a user has already engaged with, based on the Read article
System Design
Low Level Design: Image Processing Service
4 min read What Is an Image Processing Service? An image processing service accepts raw image uploads, applies a configurable set of transformations Read article
System Design
Low Level Design: Thumbnail Generator Service
5 min read What Is a Thumbnail Generator Service? A thumbnail generator service automatically produces small preview images from source assets — videos, Read article
System Design
Low Level Design: Content Delivery Network (CDN)
5 min read What Is a Content Delivery Network? A Content Delivery Network (CDN) is a geographically distributed system of proxy servers and Read article
System Design
Low Level Design: Edge Cache Service
5 min read What Is an Edge Cache Service? An Edge Cache Service is a low-latency, high-throughput caching layer deployed at the network Read article
System Design
Low Level Design: Token Refresh Service
4 min read What Is a Token Refresh Service? A Token Refresh Service manages the lifecycle of short-lived access tokens and long-lived refresh Read article
System Design
Low Level Design: Experiment Framework
6 min read What Is an Experiment Framework? An Experiment Framework is the foundational infrastructure layer that enables product teams to run controlled Read article
System Design
Low Level Design: Distributed Transaction Manager
4 min read What Is a Distributed Transaction Manager? A Distributed Transaction Manager (DTM) coordinates operations that span multiple databases, services, or nodes Read article
System Design
Low Level Design: Reverse Proxy
3 min read Core Functions A reverse proxy sits between clients and upstream servers, providing: TLS termination, request routing, upstream connection pooling, response Read article
System Design
Low Level Design: Peer-to-Peer Network
3 min read P2P Architecture Types Two main architectures: unstructured (Gnutella) uses flood queries to locate content; structured (Kademlia DHT) provides O(log N) Read article
System Design
Low Level Design: Column Store Database
3 min read Column Storage Basics In a column store, each column is stored separately on disk. This enables: Reading only the columns Read article
System Design
Low Level Design: Consensus Protocol Service
4 min read Consensus Protocol Service: Raft Raft is a consensus algorithm designed to be understandable. It decomposes consensus into relatively independent subproblems: Read article
System Design
Low Level Design: Vector Clock Service
3 min read Vector Clock Service Vector clocks track causality in distributed systems without requiring synchronized physical clocks. Each node maintains a vector Read article
System Design
Low Level Design: CRDT (Conflict-Free Replicated Data Types)
4 min read CRDT: Conflict-Free Replicated Data Types CRDTs are data structures that guarantee strong eventual consistency: any two replicas that have received Read article