7 min read Connection pooling maintains a set of pre-established database connections that are reused across requests, rather than opening and closing a […] Read article
8 min read Token refresh is the mechanism by which a client exchanges a long-lived refresh token for a new short-lived access token, Read article
8 min read A WebSocket server maintains persistent bidirectional connections between clients and servers, enabling real-time push without polling. The challenge is not Read article
8 min read A Bloom filter is a space-efficient probabilistic data structure that answers the question “is this element in the set?” with Read article
7 min read A health check endpoint lets load balancers, orchestrators, and monitoring systems determine whether a service instance is ready to receive Read article
8 min read Multi-region replication keeps data available and performant for users worldwide by maintaining synchronized copies of data in multiple geographic regions. Read article
7 min read A bulk email system sends millions of marketing or transactional emails to user segments, tracking delivery, opens, clicks, and unsubscribes. Read article
7 min read Consistent hashing distributes keys across a cluster of nodes such that adding or removing a node only remaps approximately 1/N Read article
7 min read Two-phase commit (2PC) is a distributed transaction protocol that ensures all participants in a multi-node operation either all commit or Read article
7 min read Service discovery lets microservices find each other without hardcoded IP addresses. In dynamic environments where containers start, stop, and move, Read article
7 min read The inbox pattern is the receiving counterpart to the outbox pattern. Where the outbox ensures a service reliably publishes events Read article
7 min read Push notification token management handles the lifecycle of device tokens issued by APNs (Apple) and FCM (Google): storing them when Read article
7 min read The saga pattern manages distributed transactions across multiple services by decomposing them into a sequence of local transactions, each publishing Read article
7 min read Change Data Capture (CDC) streams every insert, update, and delete from a database as an ordered event log. Instead of Read article
7 min read Pagination is not optional for any endpoint that returns a list — without it, a single request can return millions Read article
