System Design

⏱ 9 min read Why GraphQL for Large APIs GraphQL solves two fundamental REST API problems: over-fetching (the response includes fields the client doesn’t […] Read article

⏱ 10 min read Why ML Training Infrastructure Is a System Design Interview Topic Companies building AI products at scale — OpenAI, Google, Meta, Read article

⏱ 10 min read What Is Event Sourcing? Traditional systems store the current state of data (the latest balance in a bank account, the Read article

⏱ 10 min read What Is a Multi-Tenant Architecture? Multi-tenancy means a single instance of a software application serves multiple customers (tenants), with each Read article

⏱ 9 min read Why Database Replication? A single database server is a single point of failure. Replication copies data from a primary (write) Read article

⏱ 10 min read The global programmatic advertising market is $500B. Every time a web page loads, a real-time auction runs in under 100 Read article

⏱ 9 min read Ticketmaster sells 500M+ tickets per year. A Taylor Swift tour launch can generate 3.5 billion system requests in a single Read article

⏱ 8 min read Payment fraud costs $32 billion annually. Every payment processor, bank, and marketplace needs a fraud detection system that identifies fraudulent Read article

⏱ 9 min read Amazon processes 100K+ orders per minute on Prime Day. Designing an e-commerce platform covers product catalog management, inventory at scale, Read article

⏱ 9 min read GitHub hosts 300M repositories and processes 2B+ Git operations daily. Designing a code hosting platform combines distributed storage (Git objects), Read article

⏱ 8 min read Spotify serves 600M users, 100M tracks, and 9M daily podcast episodes. Designing a music streaming service covers audio delivery, catalog Read article

⏱ 9 min read A distributed task queue decouples work production from work execution. Instead of processing a request synchronously (blocking the HTTP response), Read article

⏱ 8 min read What Is a Data Pipeline? A data pipeline moves and transforms data from source systems (databases, APIs, event streams) to Read article

⏱ 9 min read Monolith vs Microservices A monolith deploys all application functionality as one unit. Simple to develop initially, but becomes harder to Read article

⏱ 7 min read The Three Pillars of Observability Observability is the ability to understand the internal state of a system from its external Read article