Low Level Design: MVCC Database Concurrency Control
Multi-Version Concurrency Control (MVCC) is the concurrency mechanism used by PostgreSQL, MySQL InnoDB, Oracle, and most modern databases to enable […]
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Low Level Design: OAuth2 and OIDC Implementation
OAuth2 is an authorization framework that allows users to grant third-party applications limited access to their accounts without sharing passwords.
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Low Level Design: GraphQL API Design
GraphQL is a query language for APIs where clients specify exactly the data they need and receive nothing more. Unlike
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Low Level Design: Geo-Spatial Indexing
Geo-spatial indexing enables efficient queries on geographic data: finding restaurants within 1km, matching drivers to riders within 500m, showing events
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Low Level Design: WebSocket Server at Scale
WebSocket provides full-duplex, low-latency communication between a browser and server over a single persistent TCP connection. Unlike HTTP polling (client
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Low Level Design: Full-Text Search Index Design
Full-text search finds documents matching natural language queries across large corpora. Unlike exact-match database queries (WHERE name = ‘foo’), full-text
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Low Level Design: gRPC Service Design
gRPC is a high-performance RPC framework built on HTTP/2 and Protocol Buffers. It provides strongly-typed service contracts, efficient binary serialization,
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Low Level Design: Audit Logging System
An audit log records a tamper-evident, chronologically ordered history of all significant actions in a system: who did what, when,
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Low Level Design: Real-Time Leaderboard
A real-time leaderboard ranks users or entities by a score that updates continuously. The core challenge is serving low-latency rank
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Low Level Design: Zero-Downtime Deployment
Zero-downtime deployment updates production services without dropping user requests. Modern techniques — rolling updates, blue-green deployments, and canary releases —
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Low Level Design: SLI, SLO, and Error Budget Design
SLIs (Service Level Indicators), SLOs (Service Level Objectives), and error budgets are the quantitative framework for reliability engineering. An SLI
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Low Level Design: Feature Flags
Feature flags (feature toggles) decouple code deployment from feature release. Code ships to production with a feature disabled; the flag
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Low Level Design: Kafka Advanced Internals
Apache Kafka is a distributed event streaming platform built around a partitioned, replicated, append-only log. Understanding Kafka internals — partitioning
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Low Level Design: Write-Heavy System Optimization
Write-heavy systems must sustain high write throughput without overwhelming the storage layer. Techniques include write batching, asynchronous writes, write coalescing,
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Low Level Design: Read-Heavy System Optimization
Read-heavy systems serve many more reads than writes — often 100:1 or higher ratios. Optimizing for reads requires layered caching,